In 2005, Selenium was open-sourced and contributions began to pour in. In 2006, Selenium was accepted as a project at the Apache Software Foundation.

Selenium WebDriver is a library for automating web browsers. It provides a number of methods for interacting with browsers, including the ability to open and close browsers, navigate to pages, and submit forms. Selenium WebDriver also provides a number of methods for retrieving information about the current state of the browser, such as the URL of the current page and the text of the current page.

How does Selenium WebDriver work? It works by sending commands to a web browser. It can open and close browsers, navigate to web pages and click on buttons and links. Selenium uses the Java programming language.

The following code snippet demonstrates how to open a browser, navigate to a page, and submit a form.

var driver = new webdriver.Builder() .forBrowser(‘firefox’) .build();

driver.get(‘https://www.google.com’);

driver.findElement(webdriver.By.name(‘q’)).sendKeys(‘selenium’);

driver.findElement(webdriver.By.name(‘btnG’)).click();

The following code snippet demonstrates how to retrieve information about the current state of the browser.

var driver = new webdriver.Builder() .forBrowser(‘firefox’) .build(); driver.get(‘https://www.google.com’);

driver.findElement(webdriver.By.name(‘q’)).sendKeys(‘selenium’);

driver.findElement(webdriver.By.name(‘btnG’)).click();

var url = driver.getCurrentUrl();

var text = driver.getPageText();

The following code snippet demonstrates how to close a browser.

var driver = new webdriver.Builder() .forBrowser(‘firefox’) .build();

driver.get(‘https://www.google.com’); driver.findElement(webdriver.By.name(‘q’)).sendKeys(‘selenium’); driver.findElement(webdriver.By.name(‘btnG’)).click(); driver.close();

Selenium has the following features:

1. It can be used to automate web-based applications.
2. It supports various browsers such as Firefox, Chrome, and Internet Explorer.
3. It can be used to automate tests across multiple browsers.
4. It can be used to automate tests on mobile devices.
5. It has an easy-to-use interface.
6. It is open-source and free to use.

There are many ways to use Selenium WebDriver. Some common use cases are:

• Testing web applications. You can use Selenium WebDriver to automate the testing of web applications.
• Automating browser tasks. You can use Selenium WebDriver to automate common tasks that you would do in a browser, such as filling out a form or clicking a button.
• Creating regression tests. You can use Selenium WebDriver to create regression tests, which are tests that ensure that changes to your web application do not break existing functionality.
• Testing web services. You can use Selenium WebDriver to test web services.
• Creating screenshots and videos. You can use Selenium WebDriver to create screenshots and videos of your web application.

Today, Selenium is one of the most popular tools for automating web application tests. It is used by organizations of all sizes, including Google, Microsoft, and Amazon. Selenium WebDriver has a large user base and is well-supported by the Selenium community.

• testing a mobile app on different devices with different OS versions
• testing a web app on different browsers and browser versions
• testing an application for compatibility with different hardware configurations
• testing an application for security vulnerabilities
• testing an application for compliance with industry or government regulations

In spite of the rapid development of automated software testing, manual testing tools are still in high demand among developers and QA engineers. Below is a short list of the most popular manual testing tools as of today.

1. Selenium

Selenium is a web application testing tool that enables you to write tests that interact with web browsers. Selenium can be used to test web applications in different browsers on different platforms. It supports different programming languages such as Java, C#, Python, and Ruby.

Selenium is available as a standalone tool and as a plugin for the Eclipse IDE. The Selenium binary distribution is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux.

2. HP UFT

HP UFT is a software testing tool that enables you to automate software testing. It helps you to identify and resolve defects quickly, and improve the quality of your applications. HP UFT also enables you to manage your testing processes and resources and optimize your testing investments.

3. IBM Rational Functional Tester

IBM Rational Functional Tester is a software testing tool for the automated testing of software applications. It is used to verify the expected behavior of software applications and to identify defects. Functional testing verifies that the software behaves as expected.

4. TestComplete

TestComplete is a commercial software testing tool from SmartBear Software. It is used for automated testing of software applications. TestComplete supports various scripting languages, including C#, VBScript, and JavaScript. It also supports the recording of user actions to create test scripts.

TestComplete is used by many large organizations, including Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle.

• Supported platforms: Windows, Mac, and Linux
• Supported browsers: Chrome, Firefox, and Safari
• Scripting languages: Java, JavaScript, C#, Python, and VBScript
• Integrated development environment: Yes
• API: Yes

5. Watir

Watir is an open-source (BSD licensed) Ruby library for automating web browsers. It provides a simple API for navigating web pages and extracting information from them. Watir also includes a powerful mechanism for controlling the browser’s behavior. Watir is available as a gem, so you can install it using the gem command.

6. JMeter

JMeter is a Java-based desktop application used for load testing and performance analysis. It can be used to test the performance of a web application, system, or network. JMeter can be used to simulate a large number of users accessing a web application at the same time. It can also be used to measure the response time of a web application and the throughput of a network.

7. Selendroid

Selendroid is an open-source test automation framework for Android. Selendroid supports the automation of native and hybrid apps on Android devices. Selendroid can be used to test Android apps automatically. Selendroid can be used in conjunction with Appium.

8. Appium

Appium is an open-source mobile app testing tool. It enables you to write tests against native and hybrid mobile apps using the same API. Appium tests are written using the Selenium WebDriver API.

9. Espresso

Espresso is a testing tool for Android that enables you to write concise, reliable tests. Espresso helps you write tests that are easy to read and maintain. Espresso is a part of the Android Testing Support Library. It is available as part of the Android Studio development environment.

10. Calabash

Calabash is a free and open-source automated acceptance testing tool for mobile apps. It uses natural language to describe the desired behavior of an app and then generates tests that can be run on the app. Calabash is written in Ruby and can be used with Android and iOS apps.

Some of the key skills required for manual testing are:

1. Patience. The tester needs to be patient in order to test all possible scenarios and corner cases.
2. Creativity. The tester needs to be creative in order to think of new ways to test the application.
3. Open Minded. The tester needs to be open-minded in order to accept changes in the application and test them.

This process can be time-consuming, but it is a necessary step in ensuring that software is user-friendly. By verifying that software functions as expected, developers can catch and fix errors before they are released to end-users. Additionally, manual testing can help developers to understand how users might interact with the software and find potential issues with the user interface.

Conclusion

Manual testing is often used in conjunction with automated testing, which uses computer-based tools to test software applications. Automated testing can help to speed up the testing process, but it is not always possible to catch all errors with automated testing. Therefore, manual testing is still an important part of software development.